Seminars in Hematology
Volume 45, Issue 4 , Pages 261-266 , October 2008

Anemia and the Frail Elderly

  • Andrew S. Artz

      Affiliations

    • Corresponding Author InformationAddress correspondence to Andrew Artz, MD, 5841 S Maryland Ave, MC 2115, Chicago, IL 60637

References 

  1. Fried LP, Ferrucci L, Darer J, Williamson JD, Anderson G. Untangling the concepts of disability, frailty, and comorbidity: Implications for improved targeting and care. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2004;59:255–263
  2. Fried LP, Tangen CM, Walston J, Newman AB, Hirsch C, Gottdiener J, et al. Frailty in older adults: Evidence for a phenotype. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2001;56:M146–M156
  3. Mitnitski A, Song X, Skoog I, Broe GA, Cox JL, Grunfeld E, et al. Relative fitness and frailty of elderly men and women in developed countries and their relationship with mortality. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2005;53:2184–2189
  4. Ravaglia G, Forti P, Lucicesare A, Pisacane N, Rietti E, Patterson C. Development of an easy prognostic score for frailty outcomes in the aged. Age Ageing. 2008;37:161–166
  5. Boyd CM, Xue QL, Simpson CF, Guralnik JM, Fried LP. Frailty, hospitalization, and progression of disability in a cohort of disabled older women. Am J Med. 2005;118:1225–1231
  6. Rockwood K, Andrew M, Mitnitski A. A comparison of two approaches to measuring frailty in elderly people. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2007;62:738–743
  7. Gill TM, Gahbauer EA, Allore HG, Han L. Transitions between frailty states among community-living older persons. Arch Intern Med. 2006;166:418–423
  8. Walston J, McBurnie MA, Newman A, Tracy RP, Kop WJ, Hirsch CH, et al. Frailty and activation of the inflammation and coagulation systems with and without clinical comorbidities: Results from the Cardiovascular Health Study. Arch Intern Med. 2002;162:2333–2341
  9. World Health Organization. Nutritional anemias (Report of a WHO scientific group). World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser. 1968;405:5–37
  10. Milman N, Pedersen AN, Ovesen L, Schroll M. Hemoglobin concentrations in 358 apparently healthy 80-year-old Danish men and women (Should the reference interval be adjusted for age?). Aging Clin Exp Res. 2008;20:8–14
  11. Guralnik JM, Eisenstaedt RS, Ferrucci L, Klein HG, Woodman RC. Prevalence of anemia in persons 65 years and older in the United States: Evidence for a high rate of unexplained anemia. Blood. 2004;104:2263–2268
  12. Leng S, Chaves P, Koenig K, Walston J. Serum interleukin-6 and hemoglobin as physiological correlates in the geriatric syndrome of frailty: A pilot study. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2002;50:1268–1271
  13. Harant Z, Goldberger JV. Treatment of anemia in the aged: A common problem and challenge. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1975;23:127–131
  14. Barclay DV, Heredia L, Gil-Ramos J, Montalvo MM, Lozano R, Mena M, et al. Nutritional status of institutionalised elderly in Ecuador. Arch Latinoam Nutr. 1996;46:122–127
  15. Chen LH, Cook-Newell ME. Anemia and iron status in the free-living and institutionalized elderly in Kentucky. Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 1989;59:207–213
  16. Kalchthaler T, Tan ME. Anemia in institutionalized elderly patients. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1980;28:108–113
  17. Salive ME, Cornoni-Huntley J, Guralnik JM, Phillips CL, Wallace RB, Ostfeld AM, et al. Anemia and hemoglobin levels in older persons: Relationship with age, gender, and health status. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1992;40:489–496
  18. Sahadevan S, Choo PW, Jayaratnam FJ. Anaemia in the hospitalised elderly. Singapore Med J. 1995;36:375–378
  19. Chernetsky A, Sofer O, Rafael C, Ben-Israel J. [Prevalence and etiology of anemia in an institutionalized geriatric population]. Harefuah. 2001;141:591–594
  20. Ania Lafuente BJ, Fernandez-Burriel Tercero M, Suarez Almenara JL, Betancort Mastrangelo CC, Guerra Hernandez L. [Anemia and functional incapacity at admission to a geriatric home]. An Med Interna. 2001;18:9–12
  21. De Maria R, Ripamonti V, Sandri R, Ceretti AP, Ferratini M. The negative prognostic synergism of anemia and heart disease in female nursing home residents. Am J Cardiol. 2005;96:1460–1462
  22. Landi F, Russo A, Danese P, Liperoti R, Barillaro C, Bernabei R, et al. Anemia status, hemoglobin concentration, and mortality in nursing home older residents. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2007;8:322–327
  23. Artz AS, Fergusson D, Drinka PJ, Gerald M, Gravenstein S, Lechich A, et al. Prevalence of anemia in skilled-nursing home residents. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2004;39:201–206
  24. Robinson B, Artz AS, Culleton B, Critchlow C, Sciarra A, Audhya P. Prevalence of anemia in the nursing home: Contribution of chronic kidney disease. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2007;55:1566–1570
  25. van Dijk PT, Mehr DR, Ooms ME, Madsen R, Petroski G, Frijters DH, et al. Comorbidity and 1-year mortality risks in nursing home residents. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2005;53:660–665
  26. Culleton BF, Manns BJ, Zhang J, Tonelli M, Klarenbach S, Hemmelgarn BR. Impact of anemia on hospitalization and mortality in older adults. Blood. 2006;107:3841–3846
  27. Penninx BW, Pahor M, Woodman RC, Guralnik JM. Anemia in old age is associated with increased mortality and hospitalization. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2006;61:474–479
  28. Chaves PH, Xue QL, Guralnik JM, Ferrucci L, Volpato S, Fried LP. What constitutes normal hemoglobin concentration in community-dwelling disabled older women?. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2004;52:1811–1816
  29. Zakai NA, Katz R, Hirsch C, Shlipak MG, Chaves PH, Newman AB, et al. A prospective study of anemia status, hemoglobin concentration, and mortality in an elderly cohort: The Cardiovascular Health Study. Arch Intern Med. 2005;165:2214–2220
  30. Izaks GJ, Westendorp RG, Knook DL. The definition of anemia in older persons. JAMA. 1999;281:1714–1717
  31. Denny SD, Kuchibhatla MN, Cohen HJ. Impact of anemia on mortality, cognition, and function in community-dwelling elderly. Am J Med. 2006;119:327–334
  32. Kikuchi M, Inagaki T, Shinagawa N. Five-year survival of older people with anemia: variation with hemoglobin concentration. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2001;49:1226–1228
  33. Penninx BW, Pluijm SM, Lips P, Woodman R, Miedema K, Guralnik JM, et al. Late-life anemia is associated with increased risk of recurrent falls. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2005;53:2106–2111
  34. Dharmarajan TS, Norkus EP. Mild anemia and the risk of falls in older adults from nursing homes and the community. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2004;5:395–400
  35. Cesari M, Landi F, Torre S, Onder G, Lattanzio F, Bernabei R. Prevalence and risk factors for falls in an older community-dwelling population. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2002;57:M722–M726
  36. Penninx BW, Pahor M, Cesari M, Corsi AM, Woodman RC, Bandinelli S, et al. Anemia is associated with disability and decreased physical performance and muscle strength in the elderly. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2004;52:719–724
  37. Chaves PH, Ashar B, Guralnik JM, Fried LP. Looking at the relationship between hemoglobin concentration and prevalent mobility difficulty in older women (Should the criteria currently used to define anemia in older people be reevaluated?). J Am Geriatr Soc. 2002;50:1257–1264
  38. Atti AR, Palmer K, Volpato S, Zuliani G, Winblad B, Fratiglioni L. Anaemia increases the risk of dementia in cognitively intact elderly. Neurobiol Aging. 2006;27:278–284
  39. Chaves PH, Carlson MC, Ferrucci L, Guralnik JM, Semba R, Fried LP. Association between mild anemia and executive function impairment in community-dwelling older women: The Women's Health and Aging Study II. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2006;54:1429–1435
  40. Chaves PH, Semba RD, Leng SX, Woodman RC, Ferrucci L, Guralnik JM, et al. Impact of anemia and cardiovascular disease on frailty status of community-dwelling older women: The Women's Health and Aging Studies I and II. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2005;60:729–735
  41. Dodd SL, Powers SK, Brooks E, Crawford MP. Effects of reduced O2 delivery with anemia, hypoxia, or ischemia on peak VO2 and force in skeletal muscle. J Appl Physiol. 1993;74:186–191
  42. Weiskopf RB, Feiner J, Hopf HW, Viele MK, Watson JJ, Kramer JH, et al. Oxygen reverses deficits of cognitive function and memory and increased heart rate induced by acute severe isovolemic anemia. Anesthesiology. 2002;96:871–877
  43. Robinson B. Cost of anemia in the elderly. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2003;51:S14–S17
  44. Ershler WB, Keller ET. Age-associated increased interleukin-6 gene expression, late-life diseases, and frailty. Annu Rev Med. 2000;51:245–270
  45. Artz AS, Fergusson D, Drinka PJ, Gerald M, Bidenbender R, Lechich A, et al. Mechanisms of unexplained anemia in the nursing home. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2004;52:423–427
  46. Krantz SB. Pathogenesis and treatment of the anemia of chronic disease. Am J Med Sci. 1994;307:353–359
  47. Hsu CY, McCulloch CE, Curhan GC. Epidemiology of anemia associated with chronic renal insufficiency among adults in the United States: Results from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2002;13:504–510
  48. Baraldi-Junkins CA, Beck AC, Rothstein G. Hematopoiesis and cytokines (Relevance to cancer and aging). Hematol Oncol Clin North Am. 2000;14:45–61
  49. Joosten E, Pelemans W, Hiele M, Noyen J, Verhaeghe R, Boogaerts MA. Prevalence and causes of anaemia in a geriatric hospitalized population. Gerontology. 1992;38:111–117
  50. Bennett CL, Silver SM, Djulbegovic B, Samaras AT, Blau CA, Gleason KJ, et al. Venous thromboembolism and mortality associated with recombinant erythropoietin and darbepoetin administration for the treatment of cancer-associated anemia. JAMA. 2008;299:914–924
  51. Smith RE, Aapro MS, Ludwig H, Pinter T, Smakal M, Ciuleanu TE, et al. Darbepoetin alpha for the treatment of anemia in patients with active cancer not receiving chemotherapy or radiotherapy: Results of a phase III, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26:1040–1050
  52. Wright JR, Ung YC, Julian JA, Pritchard KI, Whelan IJ, Smith C, et al. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of erythropoietin in non-small-cell lung cancer with disease-related anemia. J Clin Oncol. 2007;25:1027–1032
  53. Drueke TB, Locatelli F, Clyne N, Eckardt KU, Macdougall IC, Tsakiris D, et al. Normalization of hemoglobin level in patients with chronic kidney disease and anemia. N Engl J Med. 2006;355:2071–2084
  54. Singh AK, Szczech L, Tang KL, Barnhart H, Sapp S, Wolfson M, et al. Correction of anemia with epoetin alfa in chronic kidney disease. N Engl J Med. 2006;355:2085–2098
  55. Agnihotri P, Telfer M, Butt Z, Jella A, Cella D, Kozma CM, et al. Chronic anemia and fatigue in elderly patients: results of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover exploratory study with epoetin alfa. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2007;55:1557–1565
  56. Ershler WB, Artz AS, Kandahari MM. Recombinant erythropoietin treatment of anemia in older adults. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2001;49:1396–1397

 Research support from Amgen (Thousand Oaks, CA).

PII: S0037-1963(08)00104-2

doi: 10.1053/j.seminhematol.2008.06.002

Seminars in Hematology
Volume 45, Issue 4 , Pages 261-266 , October 2008

Article Tools