Seminars in Hematology
Volume 43 , Pages S50-S54 , April 2006

Purine Analogue-Based Chemotherapy Regimens for Patients With Previously Untreated B-Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia

  • Neil E. Kay

      Affiliations

    • Corresponding Author InformationAddress correspondence to Neil E. Kay, MD, Mayo Clinic, Stabile 628, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN 55905

References 

  1. Rai KR , Peterson B , Elias L . A randomized comparison of fludarabine and chlorambucil for patients with previously untreated chronic lymphocytic leukemia. A CALGB, SWOG, CTG/NCI-C and ECOG intergroup study . Blood . 1996;88:141a; (abstr)
  2. Keating MJ , Kantarjian H , O’Brien S , Koller C , Talpaz M , Schachner J , et al.   Fludarabine (A new agent with marked cytoreductive activity in untreated chronic lymphocytic leukemia) . J Clin Oncol . 1991;9:44–49
  3. Rai KR , Sawitsky A , Cronkite EP , Chanana AD , Levy RN , Pasternack BS . Clinical staging of chronic lymphocytic leukemia . Blood . 1975;46:219–234
  4. Binet JL , Catovsky D , Chandra P . Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (Proposals for a revised prognostic staging system) . Br J Haematol . 1981;48:365–367
  5. Hansen MM . Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Clinical studies based on 189 cases followed for a long time . Scand J Haematol . 1973;18(suppl):3–286
  6. Shanafelt TD , Geyer SM , Kay NE . Prognosis at diagnosis (integrating molecular biologic insights into clinical practice for patients with CLL) . Blood . 2004;103:1202–1210
  7. Montillo M , Hamblin T , Hallek M , Montserrat E , Morra E . Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (Novel prognostic factors and their relevance for risk-adapted therapeutic strategies) . Haematologica . 2005;90:391–399
  8. Cheson BD , Bennett JM , Grever M , Kay N , Keating MJ , O’Brien S , et al.   National Cancer Institute-sponsored Working Group guidelines for chronic lymphocytic leukemia (revised guidelines for diagnosis and treatment) . Blood . 1996;87:4990–4997
  9. Raphael B , Andersen JW , Silber R , Oken M , Moore D , Bennett J , et al.   Comparison of chlorambucil and prednisone versus cyclophosphamide, vincristine, and prednisone as initial treatment for chronic lymphocytic leukemia (Long-term follow-up of an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group randomized clinical trial) . J Clin Oncol . 1991;9:770–776
  10. Han T , Ezdinli EZ , Shimaoka K , Desai DV . Chlorambucil vs. combined chlorambucil-corticosteroid therapy in chronic lymphocytic leukemia . Cancer . 1973;31:502–508
  11. Keller JW , Knospe WH , Raney M , Huguley CM , Johnson L , Bartolucci AA , et al.   Treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia using chlorambucil and prednisone with or without cycle-active consolidation chemotherapy. A Southeastern Cancer Study Group trial . Cancer . 1986;58:1185–1192
  12. Hansen MM , Andersen E , Birgens H . CHOP versus chlorambucil + prednisolone in chronic lymphocytic leukemia . Leuk Lymphoma . 1991;5:97–100
  13. Dighiero G , Maloum K , Desablens B , Cazin B , Navarro M , Leblay R , et al.  French Cooperative Group on Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia   Chlorambucil in indolent chronic lymphocytic leukemia . N Engl J Med . 1998;338:1506–1514
  14. Keating MJ . Fludarabine phosphate in the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia . Semin Oncol . 1990;17:49–62
  15. Robak T , Blonski JZ , Kasznicki M , Gora-Tybor J , Dwilewicz-Trojaczek J , Stella-Holowiecka B , et al.   Cladribine combined with cyclophosphamide is highly effective in the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia . Hematol J . 2002;3:244–250
  16. O’Brien SM , Kantarjian HM , Cortes J , Beran M , Koller CA , Giles FJ , et al.   Results of the fludarabine and cyclophosphamide combination regimen in chronic lymphocytic leukemia . J Clin Oncol . 2001;19:1414–1420
  17. Hallek M , Schmitt B , Wilhelm M , Busch R , Krober A , Fostitsch HP , et al.   Fludarabine plus cyclophosphamide is an efficient treatment for advanced chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) (Results of a phase II study of the German CLL Study Group) . Br J Haematol . 2001;114:342–348
  18. Weiss MA , Maslak PG , Jurcic JG , Scheinberg DA , Aliff TB , Lamanna N , et al.   Pentostatin and cyclophosphamide (an effective new regimen in previously treated patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia) . J Clin Oncol . 2003;21:1278–1284
  19. Wierda W , O’Brien S , Albitar M , Lerner S , Plunkett W , Giles FJ , et al.   Combined fludarabine, cyclophosphamide, and rituximab achieves a high complete remission rate as initial treatment for chronic lymphocytic leukemia . Blood . 2001;98:771a; (abstr)
  20. Wierda W , O’Brien S , Wen S , Faderl S , Garcia-Manero G , Thomas D , et al.   Chemoimmunotherapy with fludarabine, cyclophosphamide, and rituximab for relapsed and refractory chronic lymphocytic leukemia . J Clin Oncol . 2005;23:4070–4078
  21. Schiavone EM , De Simone M , Palmieri S , Annunziata M , Pocali B , Copia C , et al.   Fludarabine plus cyclophosphamide for the treatment of advanced chronic lymphocytic leukemia . European Journal of Haematology . 2003;71:23–28
  22. Oken MM , Lee S , Kay NE , Knospe W , Cassileth PA . Pentostatin, chlorambucil and prednisone therapy for B-chronic lymphocytic leukemia (A phase I/II study by the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group study E1488) . Leuk Lymphoma . 2004;45:79–84
  23. Demidem A , Lam T , Alas S , Hariharan K , Hanna N , Bonavida B . Chimeric anti-CD20 (IDEC-C2B8) monoclonal antibody sensitizes a B cell lymphoma cell line to cell killing by cytotoxic drugs . Cancer Biother Radiopharm . 1997;12:177–186
  24. Johnson SA , Thomas W . Therapeutic potential of purine analogue combinations in the treatment of lymphoid malignancies . Hematol Oncol . 2000;18:141–153
  25. Weiss MA , Glenn M , Maslak P , Rahman Z , Noy A , Zelenetz A , et al.   Consolidation therapy with high-dose cyclophosphamide improves the quality of response in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia treated with fludarabine as induction therapy . Leukemia . 2000;14:1577–1582
  26. Keating MJ , O’Brien S , Albitar M , Lerner S , Plunkett W , Giles F , et al.   Early results of a chemoimmunotherapy regimen of fludarabine, cyclophosphamide, and rituximab as initial therapy for chronic lymphocytic leukemia . J Clin Oncol . 2005;23:4079–4088
  27. Byrd JC , Peterson BL , Morrison VA , Park K , Jacobson R , Hoke E , et al.   Randomized phase 2 study of fludarabine with concurrent versus sequential treatment with rituximab in symptomatic, untreated patients with B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (Results from Cancer and Leukemia Group B 9712 (CALGB 9712)) . Blood . 2003;101:6–14
  28. Kay N , Geyer SM , Lin T , Byrd JC . Combination chemotherapy with pentostatin, cyclophosphamide and rituximab induces high rate of remissions including complete responses and achievement of minimal residual disease in previoulsy untreated B-chronic lymphocytic leukemia . Blood . 2004;104:100a; (abstr 339)
  29. Robak T , Blonski JZ , Kasznicki M , Blasinska-Morawiec M , Krykowski E , Dmoszynska A , et al.   Cladribine with prednisone versus chlorambucil with prednisone as first-line therapy in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (Report of a prospective, randomized, multicenter trial) . Blood . 2000;96:2723–2729
  30. Van Den Neste E , Michaux L , Layios N , Costantini S , Francart J , Lambert C , et al.   High incidence of complications after 2-chloro-2′-deoxyadenosine combined with cyclophosphamide in patients with advanced lymphoproliferative malignancies . Ann Hematol . 2004;83:356–363

PII: S0037-1963(05)00268-4

doi: 10.1053/j.seminhematol.2005.12.011

Seminars in Hematology
Volume 43 , Pages S50-S54 , April 2006