Seminars in Hematology
Volume 43 , Pages S11-S21 , April 2006

Purine Analogue Combinations for Indolent Lymphomas

  • Nicholas Di Bella

      Affiliations

    • Rocky Mountain Cancer Centers, Aurora, CO
    • Corresponding Author InformationAddress correspondence to Nicholas Di Bella, MD, FACP, Chairman Hematology Research Committee, US Oncology, Medical Director, Rocky Mountain Cancer Centers. 1700 Potomac. Aurora, CO 80012
    • ,
  • Farhad Ravandi

      Affiliations

    • Department of Leukemia, University of Texas–M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX

References 

  1. Jemal A , Murray T , Ward E , Samuels A , Tiwari RC , Ghafoor A , et al.   Cancer statistics, 2005 . CA Cancer J Clin . 2005;55:10–30
  2. Vose JM , Chiu BC , Cheson BD , Dancey J , Wright J . Update on epidemiology and therapeutics for non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma . In: Hematology (Am Soc Hematol Educ Program) . 2002;p. 241–262
  3. Pileri SA , Zinzani PL , Went P , Pileri A , Bendandi M . Indolent lymphoma (The pathologist’s viewpoint) . Ann Oncol . 2004;15:12–18
  4. Harris NL , Jaffe ES , Stein H , Banks PM , Chan JK , Cleary ML , et al.   A revised European-American classification of lymphoid neoplasms (A proposal from the International Lymphoma Study Group) . Blood . 1994;84:1361–1392
  5. Harris NL , Jaffe ES , Diebold J , Flandrin G , Muller-Hermelink HK , Vardiman J , et al.   World Health Organization classification of neoplastic diseases of the hematopoietic and lymphoid tissues (Report of the Clinical Advisory Committee meeting—Airlie House, Virginia, November 1997) . J Clin Oncol . 1999;17:3835–3849
  6. Armitage JO . Treatment of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma . N Engl J Med . 1993;328:1023–1030
  7. Groves FD , Linet MS , Travis LB , Devesa SS . Cancer surveillance series (Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma incidence by histologic subtype in the United States from 1978 through 1995) . J Natl Cancer Inst . 2000;92:1240–1251
  8. A clinical evaluation of the International Lymphoma Study Group classification of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. The Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma Classification Project . Blood . 1997;89:3909–3918
  9. Winter JN , Gascoyne RD , Van Besien K . Low-grade lymphoma . In: Hematology (Am Soc Hematol Educ Program) . 2004;p. 203–220
  10. Solal-Celigny P , Roy P , Colombat P , White J , Armitage JO , Arranz-Saez R , et al.   Follicular lymphoma international prognostic index . Blood . 2004;104:1258–1265
  11. Horning SJ . Natural history of and therapy for the indolent non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas . Semin Oncol . 1993;20:75–88
  12. Miller TP , Dahlberg S , Cassady JR , Adelstein DJ , Spier CM , Grogan TM , et al.   Chemotherapy alone compared with chemotherapy plus radiotherapy for localized intermediate- and high-grade non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma . N Engl J Med . 1998;339:21–26
  13. Cheson BD . New chemotherapeutics strategies for the treatment of indolent lymphoid malignancies . Semin Hematol . 1999;36:26–33
  14. Dearden CE , Matutes E , Hilditch BL , Swansbury GJ , Catovsky D . Long-term follow-up of patients with hairy cell leukaemia after treatment with pentostatin or cladribine . Br J Haematol . 1999;106:515–519
  15. Flinn IW , Kopecky KJ , Foucar MK , Head D , Bennett JM , Hutchison R , et al.   Long-term follow-up of remission duration, mortality, and second malignancies in hairy cell leukemia patients treated with pentostatin . Blood . 2000;96:2981–2986
  16. Cohen Y , Solal-Celigny P , Polliack A . Rituximab therapy for follicular lymphoma (A comprehensive review of its efficacy as primary treatment, treatment for relapsed disease, re-treatment and maintenance) . Haematologica . 2003;88:811–823
  17. Hainsworth JD , Litchy S , Burris HA , Scullin DC , Corso SW , Yardley DA , et al.   Rituximab as first-line and maintenance therapy for patients with indolent non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma . J Clin Oncol . 2002;20:4261–4267
  18. Robertson LE , Chubb S , Meyn RE , Story M , Ford R , Hittelman WN , et al.   Induction of apoptotic cell death in chronic lymphocytic leukemia by 2-chloro-2′-deoxyadenosine and 9-beta-D-arabinosyl-2-fluoroadenine . Blood . 1993;81:143–150
  19. Kantarjian HM , Schachner J , Keating MJ . Fludarabine therapy in hairy cell leukemia . Cancer . 1991;67:1291–1293
  20. Giblett ER , Anderson JE , Cohen F , Pollara B , Meuwissen HJ . Adenosine-deaminase deficiency in two patients with severely impaired cellular immunity . Lancet . 1972;2:1067–1069
  21. Grever M , Kopecky K , Foucar MK , Head D , Bennett JM , Hutchison RE , et al.   Randomized comparison of pentostatin versus interferon alfa-2a in previously untreated patients with hairy cell leukemia (an intergroup study) . J Clin Oncol . 1995;13:974–982
  22. Catovsky D , Matutes E , Talavera JG , O’Connor NT , Johnson SA , Emmett E , et al.   Long term results with 2’deoxycoformycin in hairy cell leukemia . Leuk Lymphoma . 1994;14(suppl 1):109–113
  23. Saven A , Burian C , Koziol JA , Piro LD . Long-term follow-up of patients with hairy cell leukemia after cladribine treatment . Blood . 1998;92:1918–1926
  24. Goodman GR , Beutler E , Saven A . Cladribine in the treatment of hairy-cell leukaemia . Best Pract Res Clin Haematol . 2003;16:101–116
  25. Grever MR , Doan CA , Kraut EH . Pentostatin in the treatment of hairy-cell leukemia . Best Pract Res Clin Haematol . 2003;16:91–99
  26. Spiers AS , Parekh SJ , Bishop MB . Hairy-cell leukemia (Induction of complete remission with pentostatin (2′-deoxycoformycin)) . J Clin Oncol . 1984;2:1336–1342
  27. Brogden RN , Sorkin EM . Pentostatin. A review of its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties, and therapeutic potential in lymphoproliferative disorders . Drugs . 1993;46:652–677
  28. Cohen A , Hirschhorn R , Horowitz SD , Rubinstein A , Polmar SH , Hong R , et al.   Deoxyadenosine triphosphate as a potentially toxic metabolite in adenosine deaminase deficiency . Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A . 1978;75:472–476
  29. Zinzani PL . Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (The evolving role of purine analogues) . Best Pract Res Clin Haematol . 2002;15:505–516
  30. Seto S , Carrera CJ , Kubota M , Wasson DB , Carson DA . Mechanism of deoxyadenosine and 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine toxicity to nondividing human lymphocytes . J Clin Invest . 1985;75:377–383
  31. Sheridan W , Gordon DS , Fullen AJ , Olson A , Vogler WR , Winton E . Preclinical studies on deoxycoformycin and deoxyadenosine as pharmacologic T cell purging tools . Bone Marrow Transplant . 1989;4:511–517
  32. Aye MT , Dunne JV . Effect of 2′-deoxycoformycin on erythroid, granulocytic, and T-lymphocyte colony growth . Blood . 1981;58:1043–1046
  33. Seymour JF , Kurzrock R , Freireich EJ , Estey EH . 2-Chlorodeoxyadenosine induces durable remissions and prolonged suppression of CD4+ lymphocyte counts in patients with hairy cell leukemia . Blood . 1994;83:2906–2911
  34. O’Brien S , Kantarjian H , Beran M , Smith T , Koller C , Estey E , et al.   Results of fludarabine and prednisone therapy in 264 patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia with multivariate analysis-derived prognostic model for response to treatment . Blood . 1993;82:1695–1700
  35. Steis RG , Urba WJ , Kopp WC , Alvord WG , Smith JW , Longo DL . Kinetics of recovery of CD4+ T cells in peripheral blood of deoxycoformycin-treated patients . J Natl Cancer Inst . 1991;83:1678–1679
  36. Hochster HS , Kim KM , Green MD , Mann RB , Neiman RS , Oken MM , et al.   Activity of fludarabine in previously treated non-Hodgkin’s low-grade lymphoma (Results of an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group study) . J Clin Oncol . 1992;10:28–32
  37. Redman JR , Cabanillas F , Velasquez WS , McLaughlin P , Hagemeister FB , Swan F , et al.   Phase II trial of fludarabine phosphate in lymphoma (an effective new agent in low-grade lymphoma) . J Clin Oncol . 1992;10:790–794
  38. Hiddemann W , Unterhalt M , Pott C , Wormann B , Sandford D , Freund M , et al.   Fludarabine single-agent therapy for relapsed low-grade non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas (A phase II study of the German Low-Grade Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma Study Group) . Semin Oncol . 1993;20:28–31
  39. Falkson CI . Fludarabine (A phase II trial in patients with previously treated low-grade lymphoma) . Am J Clin Oncol . 1996;19:268–270
  40. Whelan JS , Davis CL , Rule S , Ranson M , Smith OP , Mehta AB , et al.   Fludarabine phosphate for the treatment of low grade lymphoid malignancy . Br J Cancer . 1991;64:120–123
  41. Tondini C , Balzarotti M , Rampinelli I , Valagussa P , Luoni M , De Paoli A , et al.   Fludarabine and cladribine in relapsed/refractory low-grade non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (A phase II randomized study) . Ann Oncol . 2000;11:231–233
  42. Zinzani PL , Lauria F , Rondelli D , Benfenati D , Raspadori D , Bocchia M , et al.   Fludarabine (an active agent in the treatment of previously-treated and untreated low-grade non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma) . Ann Oncol . 1993;4:575–578
  43. Saven A , Emanuele S , Kosty M , Koziol J , Ellison D , Piro L . 2-Chlorodeoxyadenosine activity in patients with untreated, indolent non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma . Blood . 1995;86:1710–1716
  44. Betticher DC , von Rohr A , Ratschiller D , Schmitz SF , Egger T , Sonderegger T , et al.   Fewer infections, but maintained antitumor activity with lower-dose versus standard-dose cladribine in pretreated low-grade non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma . J Clin Oncol . 1998;16:850–858
  45. Mercieca J , Matutes E , Dearden C , MacLennan K , Catovsky D . The role of pentostatin in the treatment of T-cell malignancies (Analysis of response rate in 145 patients according to disease subtype) . J Clin Oncol . 1994;12:2588–2593
  46. Cummings FJ , Kim K , Neiman RS , Comis RL , Oken MM , Weitzman SA , et al.   Phase II trial of pentostatin in refractory lymphomas and cutaneous T-cell disease . J Clin Oncol . 1991;9:565–571
  47. Duggan DB , Anderson JR , Dillman R , Case D , Gottlieb AJ . 2′ Deoxycoformycin (pentostatin) for refractory non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (A CALGB phase II study) . Med Pediatr Oncol . 1990;18:203–206
  48. Monfardini S , Sorio R , Cavalli F , Cerny TH , Van Glabbeke M , Kaye S , et al.   Pentostatin (2′-deoxycoformycin, dCF) in patients with low-grade (B-T-cell) and intermediate- and high-grade (T-cell) malignant lymphomas (Phase II study of the EORTC Early Clinical Trials Group) . Oncology . 1996;53:163–168
  49. McLaughlin P , Hagemeister FB , Romaguera JE , Sarris AH , Pate O , Younes A , et al.   Fludarabine, mitoxantrone, and dexamethasone (An effective new regimen for indolent lymphoma) . J Clin Oncol . 1996;14:1262–1268
  50. McLaughlin P , Hagemeister FB , Swan F , Cabanillas F , Pate O , Romaguera JE , et al.   Phase I study of the combination of fludarabine, mitoxantrone, and dexamethasone in low-grade lymphoma . J Clin Oncol . 1994;12:575–579
  51. Zinzani PL , Bendandi M , Magagnoli M , Gherlinzoni F , Merla E , Tura S . Fludarabine-mitoxantrone combination-containing regimen in recurrent low-grade non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma . Ann Oncol . 1997;8:379–383
  52. Bordonaro R , Petralia G , Restuccia N , Todaro AM , Serraino D , Giuffrida D , et al.   Fludarabine, mitoxantrone and dexamethasone as front-line therapy in elderly patients affected by newly-diagnosed, low-grade non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas with unfavorable prognostic factors (Results of a phase II study) . Leuk Lymphoma . 2004;45:93–100
  53. Tsimberidou AM , McLaughlin P , Younes A , Rodriguez MA , Hagemeister FB , Sarris A , et al.   Fludarabine, mitoxantrone, dexamethasone (FND) compared with an alternating triple therapy (ATT) regimen in patients with stage IV indolent lymphoma . Blood . 2002;100:4351–4357
  54. Tsimberidou AM , Younes A , Romaguera J , Hagemeister FB , Rodriguez MA , Feng L , et al.   Immunosuppression and infectious complications in patients with stage IV indolent lymphoma treated with a fludarabine, mitoxantrone, and dexamethasone regimen . Cancer . 2005;104:345–353
  55. Zinzani PL , Magagnoli M , Bendandi M , Gherlinzoni F , Orcioni GF , Cellini C , et al.   Efficacy of fludarabine and mitoxantrone (FN) combination regimen in untreated indolent non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas . Ann Oncol . 2000;11:363–365
  56. Seymour JF , Grigg AP , Szer J , Fox RM . Fludarabine and mitoxantrone (Effective and well-tolerated salvage therapy in relapsed indolent lymphoproliferative disorders) . Ann Oncol . 2001;12:1455–1460
  57. Emmanouilides C , Rosen P , Rasti S , Territo M , Kunkel L . Treatment of indolent lymphoma with fludarabine/mitoxantrone combination (A phase II trial) . Hematol Oncol . 1998;16:107–116
  58. Velasquez WS , Lew D , Grogan TM , Spiridonidis CH , Balcerzak SP , Dakhil SR , et al.   Combination of fludarabine and mitoxantrone in untreated stages III and IV low-grade lymphoma (S9501) . J Clin Oncol . 2003;21:1996–2003
  59. Dimopoulos MA , Fountzilas G , Papageorgiou E , Kiamouris C , Mantzios G , Anagnostopoulos A , et al.   Primary treatment of low-grade non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma with the combination of fludarabine and mitoxantrone (A phase II study of the Hellenic Cooperative Oncology Group) . Leuk Lymphoma . 2002;43:111–114
  60. Lossos IS , Paltiel O , Polliack A . Salvage chemotherapy using a combination of fludarabine and cyclophosphamide for refractory or relapsing indolent and aggressive non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas . Leuk Lymphoma . 1999;33:155–160
  61. Lazzarino M , Orlandi E , Montillo M , Tedeschi A , Pagnucco G , Astori C , et al.   Fludarabine, cyclophosphamide, and dexamethasone (FluCyD) combination is effective in pretreated low-grade non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma . Ann Oncol . 1999;10:59–64
  62. O’Brien SM , Kantarjian HM , Cortes J , Beran M , Koller CA , Giles FJ , et al.   Results of the fludarabine and cyclophosphamide combination regimen in chronic lymphocytic leukemia . J Clin Oncol . 2001;19:1414–1420
  63. Eucker J , Schille C , Schmid P , Jakob C , Schetelig J , Kingreen D , et al.   The combination of fludarabine and cyclophosphamide results in a high remission rate with moderate toxicity in low-grade non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas . Anticancer Drugs . 2002;13:907–913
  64. Tam CS , Wolf MM , Januszewicz EH , Prince HM , Westerman D , Seymour JF . Fludarabine and cyclophosphamide using an attenuated dose schedule is a highly effective regimen for patients with indolent lymphoid malignancies . Cancer . 2004;100:2181–2189
  65. Rohatgi N , LaRocca RV , Bard V , Sethuraman G , Foon KA . Phase II trial of sequential therapy with fludarabine followed by cyclophosphamide, mitoxantrone, vincristine, and prednisone for low-grade follicular lymphomas . Am J Hematol . 2002;70:181–185
  66. Santini G , Chisesi T , Nati S , Porcellini A , Zoli V , Rizzoli V , et al.   Fludarabine, cyclophosphamide and mitoxantrone for untreated follicular lymphoma (A report from the non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma co-operative study group) . Leuk Lymphoma . 2004;45:1141–1147
  67. Hendry L , Bowen A , Matutes E , Swansbury J , Catovsky D . Fludarabine, cyclophosphamide and mitoxantrone in relapsed or refractory chronic lymphocytic leukemia and low grade non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma . Leuk Lymphoma . 2004;45:945–950
  68. Santini G , Nati S , Spriano M , Gallamini A , Pierluigi D , Congiu AM , et al.   Fludarabine in combination with cyclophosphamide or with cyclophosphamide plus mitoxantrone for relapsed or refractory low-grade non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma . Haematologica . 2001;86:282–286
  69. Di Gaetano N , Xiao Y , Erba E , Bassan R , Rambaldi A , Golay J , et al.   Synergism between fludarabine and rituximab revealed in a follicular lymphoma cell line resistant to the cytotoxic activity of either drug alone . Br J Haematol . 2001;114:800–809
  70. Savage DG , Cohen NS , Hesdorffer CS , Heitjan D , Oster MW , Garrett TJ , et al.   Combined fludarabine and rituximab for low grade lymphoma and chronic lymphocytic leukemia . Leuk Lymphoma . 2003;44:477–481
  71. Czuczman MS , Koryzna A , Mohr A , Stewart C , Donohue K , Blumenson L , et al.   Rituximab in combination with fludarabine chemotherapy in low-grade or follicular lymphoma . J Clin Oncol . 2005;23:694–704
  72. Forstpointner R , Dreyling M , Repp R , Hermann S , Hanel A , Metzner B , et al.   The addition of rituximab to a combination of fludarabine, cyclophosphamide, mitoxantrone (FCM) significantly increases the response rate and prolongs survival as compared with FCM alone in patients with relapsed and refractory follicular and mantle cell lymphomas (Results of a prospective randomized study of the German Low-Grade Lymphoma Study Group) . Blood . 2004;104:3064–3071
  73. Saven A , Lee T , Kosty M , Piro L . Cladribine and mitoxantrone dose escalation in indolent non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma . J Clin Oncol . 1996;14:2139–2144
  74. Rummel MJ , Chow KU , Karakas T , Jager E , Mezger J , von Grunhagen U , et al.   Reduced-dose cladribine (2-CdA) plus mitoxantrone is effective in the treatment of mantle-cell and low-grade non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma . Eur J Cancer . 2002;38:1739–1746
  75. Robak T , Gora-Tybor J , Urbanska-Rys H , Krykowski E . Combination regimen of 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine (cladribine), mitoxantrone and dexamethasone (CMD) in the treatment of refractory and recurrent low grade non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma . Leuk Lymphoma . 1999;32:359–363
  76. Laurencet FM , Zulian GB , Guetty-Alberto M , Iten PA , Betticher DC , Alberto P . Cladribine with cyclophosphamide and prednisone in the management of low-grade lymphoproliferative malignancies . Br J Cancer . 1999;79:1215–1219
  77. Robak T , Gora-Tybor J , Lech-Maranda E , Blonski JZ , Kasznicki M . Cladribine in combination with mitoxantrone and cyclophosphamide(CMC) in the treatment of heavily pre-treated patients with advanced indolent lymphoid malignancies . Eur J Haematol . 2001;66:188–194
  78. Robak T , Smolewski P , Urbanska-Rys H , Gora-Tybor J , Blonski JZ , Kasznicki M . Rituximab followed by cladribine in the treatment of heavily pretreated patients with indolent lymphoid malignancies . Leuk Lymphoma . 2004;45:937–944
  79. Wilson WH . Chemotherapy sensitization by rituximab (Experimental and clinical evidence) . Semin Oncol . 2000;27:30–36
  80. Drapkin R , Di Bella NJ , Faragher DC , Harden E , Matei C , Hyman W , et al.   Results of a phase II multicenter trial of pentostatin and rituximab in patients with low grade B-cell non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (an effective and minimally toxic regimen) . Clin Lymphoma . 2003;4:169–175
  81. Di Bella N , Reynolds C , Faragher D , Muscato J , Boehm KA , Asmar L . An open-label pilot study of pentostatin, mitoxantrone, and rituximab in patients with previously untreated, stage III or IV, low-grade non-Hodgkin lymphoma . Cancer . 2005;103:978–984
  82. Ghielmini M , Schmitz SF , Cogliatti SB , Pichert G , Hummerjohann J , Waltzer U , et al.   Prolonged treatment with rituximab in patients with follicular lymphoma significantly increases event-free survival and response duration compared with the standard weekly × 4 schedule . Blood . 2004;103:4416–4423
  83. Federico M , Callea V , Danesi R , Montanini A , Di Renzo N , Petrini M , et al.   Mitoxantrone, prednisone, pentostatin and bleomycin for patients with indolent non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma relapsed or unresponsive to previous treatments. Results of a phase II study conducted by the Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio dei Linfomi (GISL) . Cancer Ther . 2003;1:63–70
  84. Buckstein R , Pennell N , Berinstein NL . What is remission in follicular lymphoma and what is its relevance? . Best Pract Res Clin Haematol . 2005;18:27–56
  85. Gribben JG , Neuberg D , Freedman AS , Gimmi CD , Pesek KW , Barber M , et al.   Detection by polymerase chain reaction of residual cells with the bcl-2 translocation is associated with increased risk of relapse after autologous bone marrow transplantation for B-cell lymphoma . Blood . 1993;81:3449–3457
  86. McLaughlin P , Hagemeister FB , Swan F , Cabanillas F , Romaguera J , Rodriguez MA , et al.   Intensive conventional-dose chemotherapy for stage IV low-grade lymphoma (High remission rates and reversion to negative of peripheral blood bcl-2 rearrangement) . Ann Oncol . 1994;5(suppl 2):73–77
  87. Lopez-Guillermo A , Cabanillas F , McLaughlin P , Smith T , Hagemeister F , Rodriguez MA , et al.   The clinical significance of molecular response in indolent follicular lymphomas . Blood . 1998;91:2955–2960
  88. Lopez-Guillermo A , Cabanillas F , McLaughlin P , Smith T , Hagemeister F , Rodriguez MA , et al.   Molecular response assessed by PCR is the most important factor predicting failure-free survival in indolent follicular lymphoma (Update of the MDACC series) . Ann Oncol . 2000;11(suppl 1):137–140
  89. Lopez-Guillermo A , Cabanillas F , McDonnell TI , McLaughlin P , Smith T , Pugh W , et al.   Correlation of bcl-2 rearrangement with clinical characteristics and outcome in indolent follicular lymphoma . Blood . 1999;93:3081–3087
  90. Rambaldi A , Lazzari M , Manzoni C , Carlotti E , Arcaini L , Baccarani M , et al.   Monitoring of minimal residual disease after CHOP and rituximab in previously untreated patients with follicular lymphoma . Blood . 2002;99:856–862
  91. Price CG , Meerabux J , Murtagh S , Cotter FE , Rohatiner AZ , Young BD , et al.   The significance of circulating cells carrying t(14;18) in long remission from follicular lymphoma . J Clin Oncol . 1991;9:1527–1532
  92. Lambrechts AC , Hupkes PE , Dorssers LC , van’t Veer MB . Clinical significance of t(14; 18)-positive cells in the circulation of patients with stage III or IV follicular non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma during first remission . J Clin Oncol . 1994;12:1541–1546
  93. Swenson WT , Wooldridge JE , Lynch CF , Forman-Hoffman VL , Chrischilles E , Link BK . Improved survival of follicular lymphoma patients in the United States . J Clin Oncol . 2005;23:5019–5026

PII: S0037-1963(05)00263-5

doi: 10.1053/j.seminhematol.2005.12.006

Seminars in Hematology
Volume 43 , Pages S11-S21 , April 2006

Article Tools