Seminars in Hematology
Volume 40, Issue 2 , Pages 154-162 , April 2003

Cytomegalovirus, human herpesvirus-6, and human herpesvirus-7 in hematological patients

References 

  1. Appay V, Dunbar PR, Callan M, et al.  Memory CD8+ T cells vary in differentiation phenotype in different persistent virus infections. Nat Med. 2002;8:379–385
  2. Appleton AL, Sviland L, Peiris JS, et al.  Human herpesvirus-6 infection in marrow graft recipients: Role in pathogenesis of graft-versus-host disease. Bone Marrow Transplant. 1995;16:777–782
  3. Aubert G, Hassan-Walker AF, Madrigal JA, et al.  Cytomegalovirus-specific cellular immune responses and viremia in recipients of allogeneic stem cell transplants. J Infect Dis. 2001;184:955–963
  4. Baldanti F, Revello MG, Percivalle E, et al.  Use of the human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) antigenemia assay for diagnosis and monitoring of HCMV infections and detection of antiviral drug resistance in the immunocompromised. J Clin Virol. 1998;11:51–60
  5. Beninga J, Kropff B, Mach M. Comparative analysis of fourteen individual human cytomegalovirus proteins for helper T cell response. J Gen Virol. 1995;76:153–160
  6. Boeckh M, Gooley TA, Myerson D, et al.  Cytomegalovirus pp65 antigenemia-guided early treatment with ganciclovir versus ganciclovir at engraftment after allogeneic marrow transplantation: A randomized double-blind study. Blood. 1996;88:4063–4071
  7. Boivin G, Belanger R, Delage R, et al.  Quantitative analysis of cytomegalovirus (CMV) viremia using the pp65 antigenemia assay and the Cobas Amplicor CMV Monitor PCR test after blood and marrow allogeneic transplantation. J Clin Microbiol. 2000;38:4356–4360
  8. Boivin G, Gilbert C, Gaudreau A, et al.  Rate of emergence of cytomegalovirus (CMV) mutations in leukocytes of patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome who are receiving valganciclovir as induction and maintenance therapy for CMV retinitis. J Infect Dis. 2001;184:1598–1602
  9. Braun DK, Pellett PE, Hanson CA. Presence and expression of human herpesvirus 6 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of S100-positive, T cell chronic lymphoproliferative disease. J Infect Dis. 1995;171:1351–1355
  10. Chan PK, Chik KW, To KF, et al.  Case report: human herpesvirus 7 associated fatal encephalitis in a peripheral blood stem cell transplant recipient. J Med Virol. 2002;66:493–496
  11. Chan PK, Peiris JS, Yuen KY, et al.  Human herpesvirus-6 and human herpesvirus-7 infections in bone marrow transplant recipients. J Med Virol. 1997;53:295–305
  12. Clark DA, Griffiths PD: Human herpesvirus 6: Relevance of infection in the immunocompromised host. Br J Haematol (in press)
  13. Clark DA. Human herpesvirus 6. Rev Med Virol. 2000;10:155–173
  14. Clark DA, Ait-Khaled M, Wheeler AC, et al.  Quantification of human herpesvirus 6 in immunocompetent persons and post-mortem tissues from AIDS patients by PCR. J Gen Virol. 1996;77:2271–2275
  15. Cone RW, Huang ML, Corey L, et al.  Human herpesvirus 6 infections after bone marrow transplantation: Clinical and virologic manifestations. J Infect Dis. 1999;179:311–318
  16. Cwynarski K, Ainsworth J, Cobbold M, et al.  Direct visualization of cytomegalovirus-specific T-cell reconstitution after allogeneic stem cell transplantation. Blood. 2001;97:1232–1240
  17. Daibata M, Taguchi T, Nemoto Y, et al.  Inheritance of chromosomally integrated human herpesvirus 6 DNA. Blood. 1999;94:1545–1549
  18. Dominguez G, Dambaugh TR, Stamey FR, et al.  Human herpesvirus 6B genome sequence: Coding content and comparison with human herpesvirus 6A. J Virol. 1999;73:8040–8052
  19. Einsele H, Ehninger G, Hebart H, et al.  Polymerase chain reaction monitoring reduces the incidence of cytomegalovirus disease and the duration and side effects of antiviral therapy after bone marrow transplantation. Blood. 1995;86:2815–2820
  20. Einsele H, Roosnek E, Rufer N, et al.  Infusion of cytomegalovirus (CMV)-specific T cells for the treatment of CMV infection not responding to antiviral chemotherapy. Blood. 2002;99:3916–3922
  21. Einsele H, Steidle M, Vallbracht A, et al.  Early occurrence of human cytomegalovirus infection after bone marrow transplantation as demonstrated by the polymerase chain reaction technique. Blood. 1991;77:1104–1110
  22. Emery VC. Prophylaxis for CMV should not now replace pre-emptive therapy in solid organ transplantation. Rev Med Virol. 2001;11:83–86
  23. Emery VC, Cope AV, Bowen EF, et al.  The dynamics of human cytomegalovirus replication in vivo. J Exp Med. 1999;190:177–182
  24. Emery VC, Griffiths PD. Prediction of cytomegalovirus load and resistance patterns after antiviral chemotherapy. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2000;97:8039–8044
  25. Emery VC, Sabin CA, Cope AV, et al.  Application of viral-load kinetics to identify patients who develop cytomegalovirus disease after transplantation. Lancet. 2000;355:2032–2036
  26. Gamadia LE, Rentenaar RJ, Baars PA, et al.  Differentiation of cytomegalovirus-specific CD8(+) T cells in healthy and immunosuppressed virus carriers. Blood. 2001;98:754–761
  27. Gautheret-Dejean A, Dejean O, Vastel L, et al.  Human herpesvirus-6 and human herpesvirus-7 in the bone marrow from healthy subjects. Transplantation. 2000;69:1722–1723
  28. Gilbert C, Roy J, Belanger R, et al.  Lack of emergence of cytomegalovirus UL97 mutations conferring ganciclovir (GCV) resistance following preemptive GCV therapy in allogeneic stem cell transplant recipients. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2001;45:3669–3671
  29. Gillespie GM, Wills MR, Appay V, et al.  Functional heterogeneity and high frequencies of cytomegalovirus- specific CD8(+) T lymphocytes in healthy seropositive donors. J Virol. 2000;74:8140–8150
  30. Goodrich JM, Bowden RA, Fisher L, et al.  Ganciclovir prophylaxis to prevent cytomegalovirus disease after allogeneic marrow transplant. Ann Intern Med. 1993;118:173–178
  31. Gor D, Sabin C, Prentice HG, et al.  Longitudinal fluctuations in cytomegalovirus load in bone marrow transplant patients: relationship between peak virus load, donor/recipient serostatus, acute GVHD and CMV disease. Bone Marrow Transplant. 1998;21:597–605
  32. Gratama JW, van Esser JW, Lamers CH, et al.  Tetramer-based quantification of cytomegalovirus (CMV)-specific CD8+ T lymphocytes in T-cell-depleted stem cell grafts and after transplantation may identify patients at risk for progressive CMV infection. Blood. 2001;98:1358–1364
  33. Griffiths PD, Ait-Khaled M, Bearcroft CP, et al.  Human herpesvirus 6 and 7 as potential pathogens after liver transplant: Prospective comparison with the effect of cytomegalovirus. J Med Virol. 1999;59:496–501
  34. Griffiths PD, Clark DA, Emery VC. Betaherpesviruses in transplant recipients. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2000;45(suppl T3):29–34
  35. Grob JP, Grundy JE, Prentice HG, et al.  Immune donors can protect marrow-transplant recipients from severe cytomegalovirus infections. Lancet. 1987;1:774–776
  36. Hart GD, Paya CV. Prophylaxis for CMV should now replace pre-emptive therapy in solid organ transplantation. Rev Med Virol. 2001;11:73–81
  37. Hassan-Walker AF, Vargas Cuero AL, Mattes FM, et al.  CD8+ cytotoxic lymphocyte responses against cytomegalovirus after liver transplantation: correlation with time from transplant to receipt of tacrolimus. J Infect Dis. 2001;183:835–843
  38. Humar A, Kumar D, Boivin G, et al.  Cytomegalovirus (CMV) virus load kinetics to predict recurrent disease in solid-organ transplant patients with CMV disease. J Infect Dis. 2002;186:829–833
  39. Imbert-Marcille BM, Tang XW, Lepelletier D, et al.  Human herpesvirus 6 infection after autologous or allogeneic stem cell transplantation: A single-center prospective longitudinal study of 92 patients. Clin Infect Dis. 2000;31:881–886
  40. Isomura H, Yamada M, Yoshida M, et al.  Suppressive effects of human herpesvirus 6 on in vitro colony formation of hematopoietic progenitor cells. J Med Virol. 1997;52:406–412
  41. Isomura H, Yoshida M, Namba H, et al.  Suppressive effects of human herpesvirus-6 on thrombopoietin-inducible megakaryocytic colony formation in vitro. J Gen Virol. 2000;81:663–673
  42. Jarvis MA, Nelson JA. Human cytomegalovirus persistence and latency in endothelial cells and macrophages. Curr Opin Microbiol. 2002;5:403–407
  43. Kadakia MP, Rybka WB, Stewart JA, et al.  Human herpesvirus 6: Infection and disease following autologous and allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. Blood. 1996;87:5341–5354
  44. Kidd IM, Clark DA, Ait-Khaled M, et al.  Measurement of human herpesvirus 7 load in peripheral blood and saliva of healthy subjects by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. J Infect Dis. 1996;174:396–401
  45. Kidd IM, Clark DA, Sabin CA, et al.  Prospective study of human betaherpesviruses after renal transplantation: association of human herpesvirus 7 and cytomegalovirus co-infection with cytomegalovirus disease and increased rejection. Transplantation. 2000;69:2400–2404
  46. Kidd IM, Fox JC, Pillay D, et al.  Provision of prognostic information in immunocompromised patients by routine application of the polymerase chain reaction for cytomegalovirus. Transplantation. 1993;56:867–871
  47. Kondo K, Kondo T, Okuno T, et al.  Latent human herpesvirus 6 infection of human monocytes/macrophages. J Gen Virol. 1991;72:1401–1408
  48. Kondo K, Kondo T, Shimada K, et al.  Strong interaction between human herpesvirus 6 and peripheral blood monocytes/macrophages during acute infection. J Med Virol. 2002;67:364–369
  49. Lau YL, Peiris M, Chan GC, et al.  Primary human herpes virus 6 infection transmitted from donor to recipient through bone marrow infusion. Bone Marrow Transplant. 1998;21:1063–1066
  50. Lechner F, Cuero AL, Kantzanou M, et al.  Studies of human antiviral CD8+ lymphocytes using class I peptide tetramers. Rev Med Virol. 2001;11:11–22
  51. Limaye AP, Corey L, Koelle DM, et al.  Emergence of ganciclovir-resistant cytomegalovirus disease among recipients of solid-organ transplants. Lancet. 2000;356:645–649
  52. Limaye AP, Huang ML, Leisenring W, et al.  Cytomegalovirus (CMV) DNA load in plasma for the diagnosis of CMV disease before engraftment in hematopoietic stem-cell transplant recipients. J Infect Dis. 2001;183:377–382
  53. Liu YN, Curtsinger J, Donahue PR, et al.  Molecular analysis of the immune response to human cytomegalovirus glycoprotein B. I. Mapping of HLA-restricted helper T cell epitopes on gp93. J Gen Virol. 1993;74:2207–2214
  54. Ljungman P, de La CR, Milpied N, et al.  Randomized study of valacyclovir as prophylaxis against cytomegalovirus reactivation in recipients of allogeneic bone marrow transplants. Blood. 2002;99:3050–3056
  55. Ljungman P, Wang FZ, Clark DA, et al.  High levels of human herpesvirus 6 DNA in peripheral blood leucocytes are correlated to platelet engraftment and disease in allogeneic stem cell transplant patients. Br J Haematol. 2000;111:774–781
  56. Lowance D, Neumayer HH, Legendre CM, et al.  Valacyclovir for the prevention of cytomegalovirus disease after renal transplantation. N Engl J Med. 1999;340:1462–1470
  57. Luppi M, Barozzi P, Garber R, et al.  Expression of human herpesvirus-6 antigens in benign and malignant lymphoproliferative diseases. Am J Pathol. 1998;153:815–823
  58. Luppi M, Barozzi P, Morris C, et al.  Human herpesvirus 6 latently infects early bone marrow progenitors in vivo. J Virol. 1999;73:754–759
  59. Lusso P, Secchiero P, Crowley RW, et al.  CD4 is a critical component of the receptor for human herpesvirus 7: Interference with human immunodeficiency virus. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1994;91:3872–3876
  60. Machida U, Kami M, Fukui T, et al.  Real-time automated PCR for early diagnosis and monitoring of cytomegalovirus infection after bone marrow transplantation. J Clin Microbiol. 2000;38:2536–2542
  61. Maeda Y, Teshima T, Yamada M, et al.  Monitoring of human herpesviruses after allogeneic peripheral blood stem cell transplantation and bone marrow transplantation. Br J Haematol. 1999;105:295–302
  62. Martin DF, Sierra-Madero J, Walmsley S, et al.  A controlled trial of valganciclovir as induction therapy for cytomegalovirus retinitis. N Engl J Med. 2002;346:1119–1126
  63. Mendez JC, Dockrell DH, Espy MJ, et al.  Human beta-herpesvirus interactions in solid organ transplant recipients. J Infect Dis. 2001;183:179–184
  64. Meyers JD, Ljungman P, Fisher LD. Cytomegalovirus excretion as a predictor of cytomegalovirus disease after marrow transplantation: Importance of cytomegalovirus viremia. J Infect Dis. 1990;162:373–380
  65. Meyers JD, Reed EC, Shepp DH, et al.  Acyclovir for prevention of cytomegalovirus infection and disease after allogeneic marrow transplantation. N Engl J Med. 1988;318:70–75
  66. Mirandola P, Secchiero P, Pierpaoli S, et al.  Infection of CD34(+) hematopoietic progenitor cells by human herpesvirus 7 (HHV-7). Blood. 2000;96:126–131
  67. Mori T, Okamoto S, Watanabe R, et al.  Dose-adjusted preemptive therapy for cytomegalovirus disease based on real-time polymerase chain reaction after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2002;29:777–782
  68. Nguyen Q, Champlin R, Giralt S, et al.  Late cytomegalovirus pneumonia in adult allogeneic blood and marrow transplant recipients. Clin Infect Dis. 1999;28:618–623
  69. Nicholas J. Determination and analysis of the complete nucleotide sequence of human herpesvirus. J Virol. 1996;70:5975–5989
  70. Osman HK, Peiris JS, Taylor CE, et al.  “Cytomegalovirus disease” in renal allograft recipients: Is human herpesvirus 7 a co-factor for disease progression?. J Med Virol. 1996;48:295–301
  71. Pescovitz MD, Rabkin J, Merion RM, et al.  Valganciclovir results in improved oral absorption of ganciclovir in liver transplant recipients. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2000;44:2811–2815
  72. Prentice HG, Gluckman E, Powles RL, et al.  Impact of long-term acyclovir on cytomegalovirus infection and survival after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. European Acyclovir for CMV Prophylaxis Study Group. Lancet. 1994;343:749–753
  73. Qamruddin AO, Oppenheim BA, Guiver M, et al.  Screening for cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection in allogeneic bone marrow transplantation using a quantitative whole blood polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method: Analysis of potential risk factors for CMV infection. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2001;27:301–306
  74. Reed EC, Shepp DH, Dandliker PS, et al.  Ganciclovir treatment of cytomegalovirus infection of the gastrointestinal tract after marrow transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant. 1988;3:199–206
  75. Reusser P, Attenhofer R, Hebart H, et al.  Cytomegalovirus-specific T-cell immunity in recipients of autologous peripheral blood stem cell or bone marrow transplants. Blood. 1997;89:3873–3879
  76. Reusser P, Einsele H, Lee J, et al.  Randomized multicenter trial of foscarnet versus ganciclovir for preemptive therapy of cytomegalovirus infection after allogeneic stem cell transplantation. Blood. 2002;99:1159–1164
  77. Reymen D, Naesens L, Balzarini J, et al.  Antiviral activity of selected acyclic nucleoside analogues against human herpesvirus 6. Antiviral Res. 1995;28:343–357
  78. Roback JD. CMV and blood transfusions. Rev Med Virol. 2002;12:211–219
  79. Rubin RH. The indirect effects of cytomegalovirus infection on the outcome of organ transplantation. JAMA. 1989;261:3607–3609
  80. Santoro F, Kennedy PE, Locatelli G, et al.  CD46 is a cellular receptor for human herpesvirus 6. Cell. 1999;99:817–827
  81. Secchiero P, Zella D, Barabitskaja O, et al.  Progressive and persistent downregulation of surface CXCR4 in CD4(+) T cells infected with human herpesvirus 7. Blood. 1998;92:4521–4528
  82. Soderberg-Naucler C, Fish KN, Nelson JA. Reactivation of latent human cytomegalovirus by allogeneic stimulation of blood cells from healthy donors. Cell. 1997;91:119–126
  83. Takahashi K, Sonoda S, Higashi K, et al.  Predominant CD4 T-lymphocyte tropism of human herpesvirus 6-related virus. J Virol. 1989;63:3161–3163
  84. Takahashi K, Suzuki M, Iwata Y, et al.  Selective activity of various nucleoside and nucleotide analogues against herpesvirus 6 and 7. Antiviral Chem Chemother. 1997;8:24–31
  85. Tanaka K, Kondo T, Torigoe S, et al.  Human herpesvirus 7: Another causal agent for roseola (exanthem subitum). J Pediatr. 1994;125:1–5
  86. Tanaka Y, Kanda Y, Kami M, et al.  Monitoring cytomegalovirus infection by antigenemia assay and two distinct plasma real-time PCR methods after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2002;30:315–319
  87. Taylor-Wiedeman J, Sissons JG, Borysiewicz LK, et al.  Monocytes are a major site of persistence of human cytomegalovirus in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. J Gen Virol. 1991;72:2059–2064
  88. Tong CY, Bakran A, Williams H, et al.  Association of human herpesvirus 7 with cytomegalovirus disease in renal transplant recipients. Transplantation. 2000;70:213–216
  89. Torelli G, Barozzi P, Marasca R, et al.  Targeted integration of human herpesvirus 6 in the p arm of chromosome 17 of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells in vivo. J Med Virol. 1995;46:178–188
  90. Wainwright MS, Martin PL, Morse RP, et al.  Human herpesvirus 6 limbic encephalitis after stem cell transplantation. Ann Neurol. 2001;50:612–619
  91. Wang FZ, Dahl H, Linde A, et al.  Lymphotropic herpesviruses in allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. Blood. 1996;88:3615–3620
  92. Wang FZ, Linde A, Hagglund H, et al.  Human herpesvirus 6 DNA in cerebrospinal fluid specimens from allogeneic bone marrow transplant patients: Does it have clinical significance?. Clin Infect Dis. 1999;28:562–568
  93. Webster A, Blizzard B, Pillay D, et al.  Value of routine surveillance cultures for detection of CMV pneumonitis following bone marrow transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant. 1993;12:477–481
  94. Wilborn F, Brinkmann V, Schmidt CA, et al.  Herpesvirus type 6 in patients undergoing bone marrow transplantation: Serologic features and detection by polymerase chain reaction. Blood. 1994;83:3052–3058
  95. Wills MR, Carmichael AJ, Mynard K, et al.  The human cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response to cytomegalovirus is dominated by structural protein pp65: Frequency, specificity, and T- cell receptor usage of pp65-specific CTL. J Virol. 1996;70:7569–7579
  96. Winston DJ, Ho WG, Bartoni K, et al.  Ganciclovir prophylaxis of cytomegalovirus infection and disease in allogeneic bone marrow transplant recipients. Results of a placebo-controlled, double-blind trial. Ann Intern Med. 1993;118:179–184
  97. Yamanishi K, Okuno T, Shiraki K, et al.  Identification of human herpesvirus-6 as a causal agent for exanthem subitum. Lancet. 1988;1:1065–1067
  98. Yoshida M, Yamada M, Tsukazaki T, et al.  Comparison of antiviral compounds against human herpesvirus 6 and 7. Antiviral Res. 1998;40:73–84
  99. Yoshikawa T, Asano Y, Ihira M, et al.  Human herpesvirus 6 viremia in bone marrow transplant recipients: clinical features and risk factors. J Infect Dis. 2002;185:847–853
  100. Zerr DM, Gupta D, Huang ML, et al.  Effect of antivirals on human herpesvirus 6 replication in hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients. Clin Infect Dis. 2002;34:309–317
  101. Zhang Y, de Bolle L, Aquaro S, et al.  Productive infection of primary macrophages with human herpesvirus 7. J Virol. 2001;75:10511–10514
  102. Zhang Y, Hatse S, De Clercq E, et al.  CXC-chemokine receptor 4 is not a coreceptor for human herpesvirus 7 entry into CD4(+) T cells. J Virol. 2000;74:2011–2016

☆ 0037-1963/03/4002-0006$30.00/0

PII: S0037-1963(03)70007-9

Seminars in Hematology
Volume 40, Issue 2 , Pages 154-162 , April 2003

Article Tools

* Image Usage & Resolution